Grinding Principles

Category: FAQ

Aug 16,2021

A discipline that studies various physical phenomena and their intrinsic connections between grinding tools and workpieces during the grinding process. The research content of grinding principles mainly includes the process of chip formation, grinding force and power, grinding heat and temperature, grinding accuracy and surface quality, grinding efficiency, etc., with the aim of gaining a deeper understanding of the essence of grinding and thereby improving or creating grinding methods. The study of grinding principles began in 1886 when C.H. Norton and C. Allen from the United States collaborated to study grinding wheels and processes. Twenty years later, they established principles for correctly selecting wheel types and speeds; at the same time, they discovered that in order to improve grinding efficiency and accuracy...

　　The study of grinding principles began in 1886 when C.H. Norton and C. Allen from the United States collaborated to study grinding wheels and the grinding process. Twenty years later, they established principles for correctly selecting wheel types and speeds; at the same time, they discovered that to improve grinding efficiency and accuracy, it was necessary to balance the wheels and properly dress them during the grinding process (see wheel dressing) while using cutting fluids. From 1914 to 1915, J. Gust from Britain and G. Olden from America further researched issues such as grinding volume, chip size, and wheel selection. Since then, research on grinding principles has continued to deepen. In terms of chip formation, K. Kruger from Germany conducted geometric calculations and studies on the contact arc length between abrasive grains on wheels and workpieces as well as factors affecting individual grain cutting depth, presenting a research report in 1925. German researchers M. Kulein and G. Schlesinger along with Japan's Yaeji Sekiguchi studied grinding forces in the late 1920s to early 1930s, proposing various factors affecting these forces during the grinding process which led to continuous development in measuring techniques for these forces. Starting from the 1930s, advancements in experimental techniques for measuring surface temperatures during grinding propelled theoretical research on grind heat. The theoretical study of wheel performance led to a series of new high-speed wheels that developed belt sanding processes. With the application of diamond and cubic boron nitride abrasives, new developments in grinding principles emerged. Since the 1970s, scanning electron microscopy has been used for in-depth analysis of micro-processes in grinding as well as mechanisms involved in ultra-precision grinding.

　　Chip formation process

　　The spacing and height at which abrasive grains are arranged on a tool are randomly distributed; each grain is a polyhedron where each edge can be considered a cutting edge with an apex angle roughly between 90° to 120°, while its tip is an arc with a radius ranging from several micrometers to tens of micrometers. A finely dressed tool will have some tiny cutting edges formed on its abrasive grain surfaces known as micro-edges. During grinding, abrasive grains have a large negative rake angle (see cutting tools), averaging around -60°. The cutting process of abrasive grains can be divided into three stages.

Issues to pay attention to when grinding valve lock grooves with diamond grinding wheels

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What do diamond tools include?

In recent years, as the applications of diamond tools have become increasingly widespread, their development has accelerated. Today, let's recall what diamond tools are present around us! Diamond tools refer to products made from diamond grit and micro-powder as cutting and grinding materials, aided by binders or other auxiliary materials, which have certain shapes, properties, and uses. Diamond tools can be classified by purpose into: (1) Abrasives including bonded abrasives, coated abrasives, and loose abrasives such as grinding wheels, sanding sheets, grinding stones, grinding heads, sand belts, polishing pastes, etc. (2) Cutting tools divided into two categories: one category is for cutting granite, marble, and concrete.

Aug 16,2021

Issues to pay attention to when grinding valve lock grooves with diamond grinding wheels

Using diamond grinding wheels to dress the grinding wheel, the profile is opposite to the required wheel profile, and it moves in the same direction as the wheel being dressed, shaping the wheel into the desired form. The dedicated grinding machine for lock clamps uses diamond wheels to dress the grinding wheel, which is then used to grind valves. The diamond wheels we use are coated with a layer of uniformly distributed diamond particles on a steel substrate through electroplating. When using them, two points must be noted: First, when loading and unloading the diamond wheel, gently tap with a copper rod to prevent diamond particles from falling off. Second, before dressing the grinding wheel with the diamond wheel, it is essential to adjust the relative position of the diamond wheel and grinding wheel in manual mode. For example: The automatic compensation amount for J4-048 lock clamp grinder is 0.01mm with a compensation amount of 50mm. To meet this compensation amount, a grinding wheel grit size of 120# is generally selected. When grinding lock clamp grooves, we dress the grinding wheel once every 20 products, taking 30 seconds for dressing time and maintaining a dressing line speed ratio of 0.59. Sampling tests show that surface roughness Ra is between 0.63 and 1.25μm, and shape and positional accuracy are within 0.03mm, fully meeting customer requirements. Practice has proven that one diamond wheel can produce 60,000 to 80,000 qualified products. The precision of lock clamp grooves mainly relies on the accuracy of the diamond wheels. As a core component of lock clamp groove grinders, the design of its profile is particularly important. Using diamond wheels produced by Dongjin in Henan for dressing grinding wheels ensures high precision and long service life while achieving good surface roughness in workpiece processing, making it especially suitable for mass production.

Mar 18,2022

Grinding Principles

Aug 16,2021

Australian researchers use 3D printed diamond implants for biomedical and orthopedic applications.

Researchers in Australia have made breakthrough progress using the power of diamonds, potentially revolutionizing the way the human body accepts biomedical implants. Researchers from RMIT University successfully coated 3D printed titanium implants with diamonds. This is the use of 3D printed diamond implants for biomedical and orthopedic applications, involving surgeries related to the human musculoskeletal system. Although titanium provides a fast, accurate, and reliable material for medical-grade and patient-specific implants, our bodies sometimes reject this material due to compounds on titanium that prevent effective interaction between tissues and bones with biomedical implants. Synthetic diamonds offer a cost-effective solution to this problem. This breakthrough was achieved by biomedical engineer Dr. Kate Fox and her team at RMIT's School of Engineering. The coating was produced using a microwave plasma process at the Melbourne Nano Manufacturing Centre. The combination of titanium scaffolds with diamonds forms a biomaterial. "This technology will take several more years to launch; many steps need to be taken before it can be used by patients," Fox said. "But what we have done is a key step in a long and incredible journey." Postdoctoral researcher Aaqil Rifai is collaborating with Fox on this new technology research, stating, "Diamonds are very effective because carbon is a major component of the human body. Carbon has incredible biocompatibility." Rifai added, "Our bodies easily accept diamonds and use them as platforms for complex material interfaces." In addition to orthopedics, diamonds are also used to coat cardiovascular stents—catheters that help keep heart arteries open—as well as in bionics and prosthetics. Currently, researchers are focusing on how to apply this technology in orthopedics. "3D printing is a groundbreaking revolution in modern times. Through 3D printing, we can design specific medical-grade implants. This technology is fast, accurate, reliable, and labor-saving," Rifai said: "The scalability of 3D printing is rapidly increasing; therefore, we can foresee that diamond coatings will become increasingly common in orthopedics in the near future." Diamonds are one of the special materials found in nature with properties such as hardness, low friction coefficient, high elastic modulus, high thermal conductivity, high insulation properties, wide bandgap, high sound propagation rate, and good chemical stability. Although natural diamonds possess these characteristics, they have only existed as gemstones; their variability and rarity greatly limit their applications. However, CVD diamond films prepared by Luoyang Yuxin Diamond combine these excellent physicochemical properties at a lower cost than natural diamonds and can be fabricated into various geometric shapes with broad application prospects in industries such as electronics, optics, and mechanics.

Aug 16,2021

The mechanical industry is gradually recovering, but insufficient orders have become the primary difficulty.

On August 7, Chen Bin, Executive Vice President of the China Machinery Industry Federation, stated at the information release conference on the economic operation of the machinery industry in the first half of the year that it is expected that the economic operation of the machinery industry for the whole year will show a trend of low in the front and high in the back, gradually recovering. Indicators such as industrial added value, operating income, and total profit are expected to achieve slight positive growth.

Aug 27,2021

In the first half of 2020, bearing imports rose against the trend, and high-end manufacturing is gaining momentum.

In June 2020, China's foreign exchange for bearing imports was $368 million, an increase of 10.13% month-on-month and a year-on-year increase of 34.64% compared to June last year, with an increase of 26.47 percentage points from the previous month's growth rate of 8.17%. The number of bearing imports reached 191 million sets, a month-on-month increase of 3.74%, a year-on-year increase of 26.61% compared to June last year, and an increase of 22.61 percentage points from the previous month's growth rate of 4%. As of June 2020, China had accumulated foreign exchange for imports totaling $1.907 billion, which is a year-on-year increase of 12.37%. This is an increase of 4.27 percentage points from last month's rate of 8.1%. The number of imported bearings was 1.151 billion sets, an increase of 15.31% compared to the same period last year, and an increase of 2.02 percentage points from last month's growth rate of 13.29%. From the perspective of imported bearing categories, the foreign exchange for tapered roller bearings increased by 45.98% year-on-year, becoming the main driver for bearing import foreign exchange; followed by bearing parts with a year-on-year growth rate of 25.3%, other ball bearings with a growth rate of 23.24%, cylindrical roller bearings with a growth rate of 15.39%, and spherical roller bearings with a growth rate of 13.73%. It is not difficult to see that under the new situation, significant changes are occurring in the structure of the bearing market. From the perspective of importing countries, foreign exchange from Japan reached $490 million, ranking first with a year-on-year growth rate of 4.61%. Germany ranked second with $420 million in foreign exchange for imports but had a remarkable growth rate of 28.31%. Surprisingly, Taiwan's import foreign exchange for bearings reached $137 million, ranking third with an astonishing year-on-year growth rate of 346%. This indicates that as China's economic structure adjusts, significant changes are also occurring in the market for importing countries for bearings.

Aug 27,2021

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Grinding Principles

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